Indian geography notes :

Agriculture of India:

· Agriculture & allied sectors contribute nearly 14.4% of GDP of India.

· While about 58.2% of the population is dependent on agriculture for their livelhiood.

· Total area coverage under foodgrains in 2010-11 has been reported at 125.73 million hect areas.

· The area coverage under wheat during 2010-11 was estimated at 29.25 million hectares. While rice is estimated at 42.56 million hectare.

· India is the largest producer of mango, banana, turmeric, spices, cashew nut and ginger.

· India is the third largest producer of coconut.

· India is the largest producer of pulse.

· Kerala is known as ‘spice state of India’.

· MP being the leading producing state of India contributes to around 75% of the total Indian production and is also called the Soyabean bowl of India.

· India is the second largest consumer and second largest producer of tobacco in the world, second only to China.

Green Revolution:

· During the 1960s wheat and rice production increased drastically.

· American scientist Dr William Gaude termed it as Green Revolution. A number of new hybrid seeds were imported from Mexico.

· In India credit for it goes to Dr MS Swaminathan.

· He is called the Father of Green Revolution. Besides him, American Professor Norman Borlaug also played an important role in it.

Major Agriculture Revolutions:

· Green Revolution -Food grains

· White Revolution -Milk

· Yellow Revolution -Oil seeds

· Golden Revolution -Fruits (Apple)

· Pink Revolution- Prawn

· Grey Revolution -Fertilizers

· Brown Revolution Non-conventional energy

· Silver Revolution -Chicken/Egg

· Food chain Revoluion -Saving food, vegetables & fruits from decaying

· Rainbow Revolution -Amalgamation of all the above revolutions

· Black Revolution- Production of crude (petroleum)

· Blue -Revolution Fish production

Fruits and Vegetables:

· India is the world’s second largest producer of fruits and vegetables and is next to China in fruit production excluding melons.

· India is the largest producer of mango, banana, bapota and acid lime.

· India occupies first position in the production of cauliflower, second in onion and third in cabbage in the world.

Sources of Irrigation:

· Mainly three types of sources are used for irrigation purposes in India.

· These are wells (including tube wells), tanks and canals.

· 55.68% of the total irrigated area is irrigated by wells (including tube well and pumping sets).

· Canals irrigate about 32.04% of the total irrigated land.

· Tanks contribute 5.8%, and 6.47% is countributed by other sources.

· Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of tube wells in the country.

Top three states using tank irrigation:

· Tamil Nadu

· Andhra Pradesh

· Odisha

Top three states using canal irrigation:

· J & K

· Haryana

· Karnataka

Top three states using well irrigation:

· Gujarat

· Uttar Pradesh

· Rajasthan

Lines in Maps :

· Isohypse: The lines joining the points of both equal height and equal barometric pressure.

· Isobath: The lines joining the points of equal depth of sea-water.

· Isobar: The lines joining the points of equal atmospheric pressure.

· Isobathytherm: The lines joining the ocean regions having equal temperature.

· Isodopane: Lines of equal transportation costs.

· Isogeotherm: The isotherms under the surface of the Earth.

· Isolialine: The lines joining the ocean regions of equal salinity.

· Isohel: The lines joining the points of equal period of insolation.

· Isohyets: The lines joining the regions receiving equal precipitation.

· Isonif: The lines joining the regions of equal snow.

· Isoneph: The lines joining the regions of equal average cloud overcast.

· Isophyte: The lines joining the points of equal height vegetation.

· Iso-seismal: The lines joining the points of equal earthquake intensity.

· Isotherm: The lines joining the points of equal temperature reduced to sea level.

· Isonomal: The lines showing equal thermal anomaly.

· Isocline: The lines of equal magnetic dip.

· Isogloss: The lines separating linguistic areas of a region.

· Isopract: A specialised chart prepared for population study purposes.

· Isoganic Line: The lines of similar magnetic dip.

· Agonic Line: The lines of zero magnetic dip.

· Loxodrome or Rhumb Line: The line crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle.

· Plumb Line: The line joining the surface and the centre of the Earth.

· Iso-stasy: Equilibrium state or balance on Earth’s surface which is found between the light rock materials on the Earth and the heavy rock materials inside the Earth.

· Isotach: The line in the weather maps, showing points of equal wind velocity.

· Isobront: The line joining the regions of equal thunderstorms.

· Isogonals: The lines joining the points of equal magnetic depression

Major Waterfalls of India:

· Jog/Garsoppa/Mahatma Gandhi - Karnataka - Sharavati river.

· Yena - Mahabaleshwar - Yena river.

· Shivsamudram - Karnataka - Cauveri river.

· Hundru - Jharkhand - Suvarnrekha river.

· Gokak – Karnataka - Gokak.

· Chulia - Rajasthan - Chambal river.

· Punasa - Rajasthan - Chambal river.

· Pyakara - Tamil Nadu - Pyakara river